What is a potential consequence of untreated tension pneumothorax?

A potential consequence of untreated tension pneumothorax is cardiac arrest, which occurs due to the severe impact it has on cardiovascular and respiratory function. In tension pneumothorax, air enters the pleural space and cannot escape, leading to increased pressure that compresses the lungs and major blood vessels, including the heart. This elevated intrathoracic pressure compromises venous return to the heart, resulting in decreased cardiac output, potentially causing the heart to stop beating effectively.

As pressure builds, it also affects gas exchange, leading to inadequate oxygenation and potential respiratory failure. The combination of trapped air, impaired breathing, and reduced blood flow is critical; without intervention, it can quickly escalate to life-threatening conditions, including cardiac arrest. Prompt recognition and treatment, such as needle decompression, are essential to relieve the pressure and restore normal physiological function.